Language Teaching Methods

Grammar Translation Method (GTM)

Grammar Translation Method also known as Classical Method is a traditional method of teaching foreign languages where learners are taught grammatical rules and then apply them  through translating sentences between the target and their native language. It was the most prevailing method in Europe in the nineteenth century, and is now used a lot in the traditional education of classical languages, but most professionals admit that this method is ineffective as an objective and a teaching method, because it forces the learners to deal with with language as a deaf school subject in which their are going to pass the exam and then forget everything about it

This method neglects important skills in the language such as speaking and listening, and this is actually a big problem that the learners encounter when they travel to an English speaking country where they find difficulties of not being able to communicate in spite of memorizing a lot of vocabulary. The main objectives of GTM are is to improve learners' reading skill to a degree in which they can read and translate literature of the target language and to promote their general mental and intellectual development

Direct Method (DM)/ Natural Method

 In this method, it is not allowed to use the learner's mother tongue, and only the target language must be used. The direct method works on the idea that learning the second language should be an imitation of how one learns the first language, as for the child beginning to learn how to speak, he/she imitates words being said by others, repeats them and then uses these words to express and form sentences. This is the natural way to learn any language and the child never uses another language to learn the native language, and therefore the first language is not necessary for learning a foreign language, and in this method, from the very beginning, the reliance is on correct pronunciation and imitation of the style of the target language

According to this method, learning reading and writing of a language remains until a late stage as possible just like what happens when learning the first language, the learners do not use printed words until they reach a stage where they have good understanding of the spoken and audible speech and become able to express correctly using the language

Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)

 Audio-Lingual Method, Army Method or New Key is a method of teaching used in teaching foreign languages and is somewhat like the Direct Method, it is different in that instead of emphasizing the acquisition of vocabulary, it recommended students to learn a language directly without using their native language in order to explain new words, expressions or even grammar in the target language 

 In the Audio-Lingual Method, the students watch or listen to different recordings of the second language, practice a variety of exercises and the teacher emphasizes the use of the target language all time. The students can overcome the habits of their native language and form new acquired habits to be speakers of the target language

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

 The majority of Moroccan English teachers prefer Communicative Language Teaching because it is a learner-centered approach and it gives not only the learners grammatical competence but also a social skill like what to say, how to say it, when and where it so as to meet their  daily needs. The aim of the CLT is to emphasize the importance of using the target language in the communication process so that the learners can communicate effectively and correctly then improve their communication skill. This curriculum focuses on important functions such as how to make suggestions, complaining, asking for and giving opinion. The teacher may also use information obtained from newspapers and news, or he/she may ask the students to listen to a broadcast on television or radio, then there will be an effective discussion between the students and their teacher

Total Physical Response (TPR)

 Total Physical Response is one of language and vocabulary teaching methods based on the interaction and connection between speech and action in order to increase the learning of language and vocabulary. This method helps the learners learn their native language, and decreases repression and stress. The purpose of TPR is to determine the learners' comprehension through verbal instruction. So, the teacher is in need of a method that enables the students to enjoy learning independently and also build a close relationship between them and their teacher 

Silent Way (SW)

 The Silent Way is language teaching method that pays great attention to silence as a means of achieving learners' independence and active participation in the teaching-learning process. The teacher uses the methods of silence and pointing to draw the students' attention, stimulate their reactions and encourage them to correct their mistakes. This method gives great importance to the pronunciation skill as an essential element, therefore much time is dedicated to practicing pronunciation in every lesson

The aim of the SW is to make students able to communicate well using the language they are learning so they are not allowed to translate into their native language. The teacher acts only as a mediator to facilitate and try to encourage students to be more active in their learning, and the main idea of ​​this method of teaching is that the teacher’s participation is very little, so that the students can control their own learning, and the teacher evaluates them through minute observation, and here he/she may not assign any formal test as to let and encourage the learners to correct their mistakes by themselves

Community Language Learning (CLL)

 Community language learning is a method of language acquisition which determines for the students what to learn and the teacher is nothing but a facilitator, counsellor and a support provider. CLL plays an essential role for the learners of English as a second language, it is an example of an innovative and modern model which takes the ultimate importance of the teaching-learning process into consideration. Learning new and second languages is considered to be a big challenge for the learners who are not familiar with the target language as they will find difficulties understanding the language they are willing to learn and some learners may feel embarrassed and ashamed when they communicate with native speakers

Suggestopedia 

Suggestopedia relied on the power of suggestion during the teaching-learning process based on the principle that positive suggestion makes the learners more receptive, which stimulates the learning process. The situations in which the learners are concentrated and in a state of relaxation  represent the best state of learning, thus, suggestopedia seeks to use music as a primary and important factor and create an environment with comfort and relaxation and to make a friendly relationship between the teacher and the learners in order to create a comfortable atmosphere

This method does not direct the learners to memorize vocabulary and acquire the skill of speaking, but it aims at giving them advanced speaking ability and communicative skills

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